Decision Modelling and Decision Analysis--JOB SELECTION Essay

Decision Modelling and Decision Analysis--JOB SELECTION - Essay ExampleA query on the job location revealed the most expensive and least expensive cities. Probability scores in the range of 1-10 were used to rank the various alternatives on criteria. Final scores of the product of weights and probability scores helped to r to each one the conclusion that American Systems Developers provides the best opportunity to Claire. Table of Contents S. no Topic Page No. 1 Introduction 3 2 Problem statement 3 3 Goal statement 3 4 Background 3 5 Main criteria for job selection 4 6 Various alternatives available 5 7 Linking interests and alternatives 6 8 Methodology 7 9 Assumptions 8 10 Results 9 11 Conclusion 10 Introduction Claire Dale has job widens from five different companies. Each company has different salary structure to offer and a different job profile. Some are offering a job requiring a lot of travel while others are offering superstar location jobs. Claire also needs to look at th e location where she will be working from so that she is able to balance her professional and personal life. She has a number of criteria which she has to look at before deciding which job has the potential to offer her maximum job satisfaction as well as recreate her financially and allow her to pursue her personal interests. Problem statement The candidate has been presented with five job offers. She is unable to decide which is best for her. Goal statement Selecting the beneficial job offer which helps to satisfy the financial, professional and personal expectations of Claire. Background In real life situations, it sometimes become very difficult to decide which options to charter from when there are many criteria for deciding upon an option. MCDA techniques help us in deciding the best possible option in a scientific and methodological way. MCDA has a number of techniques to help in zeroing on an alternative and they all follow similar steps of organization and decision matr ix construction (Linkov et al. 2006). However, each differs in the way it analyses the data. Some of the commonly used approaches are MAUT (Multi-Attribute Utility Theory), MAVT (Multi-Attribute Value Theory, AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) and Outranking. The first three approaches are grouped under optimization approaches. For example, MAUT tries to provide a numerical banner to evaluate the various alternatives. It gives scores to the various criteria to show the merits of each. The final scores can be seen by summing up the individual scores. Similarly, AHP tries to judge alternatives based on their scores and chooses the one with the highest score. It compares pairs. Outranking is a technique assumes that one alternative has more dominance over the other (Linkov et al. 2006). This technique does not assume that one alternative can be determine. It compares two or more alternatives at a time and tries to find out the intent to which one can be preferred over the other (Lin kov et al. 2006). This method looks at favoring an alternative that performs best on maximum number of criteria. Thus, the weaknesses that one criterion has are compensated by the advantages that are there in the other criteria. Main criteria for selecting the job After a discussion with Claire and the project team, following criteria were identified which would impact her, the most (in order of importance, first one being the most important) once she decides on a particular offer 1. Financial

Role of Stakeholders in Strategic Planning Process Essay

Role of Stakeholders in Strategic Planning Process - Essay ExampleThese will also make out steps which will ask of the local publics to act accordingly in order to solicit a response which is not only appropriately driven but also geared to achieve their active ingredienticipation. These remain some of the important ingredients behind understanding the relevant realms, as these will harness the root of IUCN in the long run.The environmental degradation, uplifting of global standards and similar other initiatives will be bolstered immensely if the stakeholders are told about the precise strategic cooking process which will be put into place. Once the strategic planning process is initiated, IUCNs stakeholders need to agree on its different clauses so that tasks generate easier and more manageable than they would be at the outset of such a strategic planning process (Ghobadian, 2002).The key ingredients that would be required on their part are an understanding that IUCNs strategi c planning process would deliver results if it is given a chance to manifest itself. Also there will be a comprehensive outlook of how the strengths and weaknesses weigh along with one another. This will put things in comparison and ask of the stakeholders to know about things which are of eye beforehand.The major roles that these stakeholders shall play include the basis of their agreement with the strategic planning process for IUCN as well as paving the way forward for achieving the block objectives and goals of the strategic planning process. It will help put things in proper perspective and ask IUCN to devise a very firm process in the first place. Their roles would comprise more of decision-making than bringing a sense of business for IUCN. Therefore proper definition of assigning roles would put things into proper perspective and try issues which remain fundamental to its cause (Hussein, 2008).As for IUCN, it is one of the most sought after names within the

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 83

Assignment - Essay ExampleThe trifecta can be best analyze individually before a conclusion on their confluence can be made. For the case of Christian Zionist in United State, they are the ones that take into account the financial support to the settler movement. Consequently, they will have no reason to appear morally superior by joining another group fifty-fifty if they are enemies, but have the same destruction of defeating the Soviet Union (John and Walt 132-139). The Jewish Movement in Soviet Union is the one under siege, and they deal to get themselves from the hook that the Soviets are not ready to necessitate. Any effort even from the enemy will be accepted liberate their struggles (Roi 11). Finally, the Moslem Jihad in Afghanistan had a problem with the elevation of the Soviet Jews by the United States that observe the Afghanistan day to support the rights of the Jews (R11110000).The confluence comes from a different purview on the Soviet Jews and joins the three group into sharing the same goal even if they are adversaries. Since they share the same problem with different interest, the trifecta comes to one goal to defeat Soviet Union.Roi, Yaacov. Introduction From Disaffection to Political Opportunity and Activism. Roi, Yaacov. In The Jewish Movement in the Soviet Union. Baltimore The John Hopkins University Press, 2012. 1-12.

Effective support for information users Essay Example for Free

Effective prevail for instruction users EssayCustomers be an asset for any fundamental law and to satisfy and protect them is incessantlyy organizations goal. The only way to achieve this goal is to build proper relationships with your customer through providing them countenance customer attend to when ever they require. Customer gives you business because it is a cycle, if you fulfill your customer need then he will spread a good word of mouth for your organization otherwise they will give you a real hard time. Information technology has great importance in the business world today because the surroundings is very uncertain therefore innovation needs to be implemented rapidly. Every day we see something or the other coming up with new technology and to survive in this competent world we all have to cope with technological advancements, therefore customers tend to purchase technologically advanced products tardily but the difficulty is in understanding the ways to oper ate these products. This is where they need help and it is a chance for the organizations to retain customers because customer will only set to the brand which is providing him proper customer service.For this purpose IT organizations have customer service centers so that they can provide their customers with appropriate assistance. The bottleneck is caused when the employees on desk at the customer service center are not able to entertain the customers with what they want. This is usually due to the lack of culture employees hold regarding the product and this leads the organization towards losing their customers. (Hoffman). indeed in order to remove this bottle neck, the organizations should provide their customers with best service, for which they need to consider following strategiesStrategies to ensure that your customers are getting adequate technical support 1) Hire the right people with excellent communication skills. 2) Train your employees so that they are thoroughly aware of the product specifications and can easily deliver the information to the customer 3) Employee people with calm and good attitude because customers may be very frustrated or harsh at times still the employee has to retain very tranquil with him in order to avoid any further dilemma.4) A company should make sure that on desk personnel are well aware of their goals, that is, they believe that it is their duty to entertain more and more customers, understand their needs and interact with them to provide more and more information so that they are satisfied. (Bayan) 5) Customers should be provided with a detailed guide book as well so that they can better understand the product and do not face any hurdles. 6) Customer should be provided with a very comfortable and friendly environment and he should be given great importance so that he can feel that the company really cares for his needs.(Anonymous) Socio-Technical Structure Socio technical structure is an organizational design which consists of a combination of people and technology. It includes the habits and attitudes of people the way they interact and behave. The technical aspect of this structure includes the machinery processes and physical management. This structure includes hardware, software, people, surroundings data and data structure, law and regulations and procedures.According to this system all the needs of an employee should be determine and met which they bring along to the workplace. This system helps in motivating employees and raises their performance level by taking care of the characteristics that comprises kind system. These characteristics involve their communication, involvement, performance, and team work, attitudes, behavior and furrow satisfaction. This system is emerged overtime through the employees of the organization and thus represents the culture of an organization and its social setup. (Whitworth)As socio technical system includes face to face work, which includes cus tomer service therefore ensuring that your customers are getting adequate technical support and thus it is related to the socio technical structure because it fulfills the requirements, social as well as technical. Providing appropriate customer service by understanding customer needs and communicating positively with them satisfies the social requirement where as giving them technical assistance, that is, to provide information regarding the technical aspects of the product satisfies technical requirements.Any technological advancement cannot be self-made if the technology does not take into account the human component because eventually humans have to interact with the technological design therefore it is important to treat people and technology together within a system. This gives rise to social and technical subsystem in which social subsystem takes into account human needs and attitudes and technical subsystem relates to the devices, procedures and technical know how.The tech nological and social subsystem needs to be interdependent so that the organization can deliver the best to the customers. In this way the technology offered by the organization will be according to the needs of the customers and thus it would be a perfect fit. (Whitworth) Thus the most important strategy for any company to provide adequate technical support to customers is that it should develop a socio technical structure so that the technical assistance provided to the customers are in accordance to the social needs of the customers.REFERENCES Hoffman, R. (1996) Help is Only a Phone Call onward How to get good service. The Real World. Retrieved October 15, 2009, from http//www. animatedsoftware. com/misc/stories/jobs/dbmscntr. htm Kay, D. (2004) Show, Dont Tell Remote Support Best Practices and Benefits. DB Kay and Associates. Retrieved October 15, 2009, from http//www. webbuyersguide. com/bguide/Whitepaper/Wpdetails. asp? frmCQ=Ywpid=NzU3Mwcategory=723sitename= webbuyersguidekc= newstech101607src=newstech101607Setting up a successful help deskphysical considerations (http//articles. techrepublic. com. com/5100-10878_11-5112459. html) and Try these efficiency strategies when setting up a successful help desk (http//articles. techrepublic. com. com/5100-10878_11-5112468. html). Setting up a successful help desk (http//techrepublic. com. com/5208-6230-0. html? forumID=14threadID=146337 messageID=1623851). Whitworth,B. Socio-Technical Systems. Retrieved on 23rd July 2010 from http//brianwhitworth. com/hci-sts. pdf

Growth of a Business Essay Example for Free

Growth of a Business EssayWhen a business grows in size it will need more rung to carry out-*Existing capers e.g. in a chocolate factory it may need more people to ope judge the production melodys it it moves from 4 to 5 lines.*New employments e.g. if a company expands to overseas it will need to recruit staff who ar capable of speaking foreign languages.When breathing jobs are existence expanded, human resource specialists simply need to copy existing practice on a larger scale. They can do this by interviewing more people and advertising more widely etc. More detailed thought is needed if bran-new jobs are to be created. This is notwithstanding more important if the jobs beingness created are different to the jobs that already exist within the company.If Norwich airdrome they would need to employ a lot more security guards. This would be due to the increase numbers of passengers going through the airport and the terminals. If Norwich Airport started to fly to new destinations they would need new staff who could speak the language of the country. They could do this training their existing staff to speak the languages or they could recruit extern exclusivelyy people already with the capability to speak those languages.CHANGING JOB ROLES WITHIN THE BUSINESSIn new-made years there has been a decline in standardised jobs. The change of a job role is usually down to changing and advancing technology. This involves employees fetching more responsibility in decision making. This is known as empowerment. The development of new jobs requires a lot of research. Looking at the best practice in an industry often does this. Sometimes it is done by looking at the development of new jobs particularly in the USA.FILLING VACANCIES CREATED BY RESIGNATION, RETIREMENT OR DISMISSALVacancies come about for a number of reasons. This could include retirement, dismissal, expansion or even death. When whatsoever body moves on it is normally necessary to exchange t hem. Before this is done the company will need to influence if it would be best to get a employee similar to the previous one or if it would be best to to get someone with new skills because the job has moved on and more skills are required to carry the job out properly.In some cases this has effected Norwich Airport. In some extreme cases they have had to dismiss employees who have lied about foreign languages they can speak. When Norwich Airport first opened, they only offered flights to a few select countries. But since then they have expanded and a far wider range of flights are now offered. With this they have a lot more people using them sort of than using the larger London airports or the near by Luton airport. With the extra money they are still thinking of expanding even more in the near future.In some cases the job that has become available does not always need to be filled. There are amny factors that Norwich Airport takes into account before deciding whether or not a r eplacement is required. They will always consider * Is there still a need for that job?* Do the benefits derived from this job justify the total cost of filling it? E.g. advertising, salary, training etc.* Is it essential that the vacancy is filled immediately?* Rather than employing a new member of staff would it be best to reorganise the workload within the company/department to cover the position.* Will the job need to be amply or part time?* Will there still be the need for this job in 12 or 18 months time? Is the dribble likely to be affected by current or future organisational changes or different work methods. Will the job therefore be shipboard or permanent? And for this reason will there need to be a fixed term contract.INTERNAL PROMOTIONThere is always the chance for internal promotion. This is a good form of motivation as it gives employees something to aim for within the organisation. This should make the employee try to impress in his current job rather than looking else where outside of the company. But if an employee is to be promoted, then someone else would have to be employed to cover their previous position.It is extremely important that the right panorama is selected. The recruitment process can be extremely costly. To set up an effective recruitment process it takes a great deal of time.Once a job has become vacant it is very important that the company should then analyse the job. This is when they will decide what will be entailed in the available job. How to advertise, tense through the applications, checking which applications best meet the criteria, interviewing candidates and then the most important, selecting the best candidate.When a job becomes available at Norwich airport they decide whether to recruit internally or externally. From our meeting I discovered that 50% of the time they will recruit internally only, and the other 50% they will recruit internally and externally. They often decide to recruit internally only becaus e they can save a lot of money. They save a lot on advertising costs and it normally takes them slight time to train the employee if they already have some experience working within the airport. Often they have noticed that when an employee knows that there is the chance of promotion it enhances their rate and quality of work because it acts as a motivator.However they have also found disadvantages when recruiting within the company. They have to replace the person who has been promoted, this means that they have finish up advertising for two jobs instead of just the one. In the past they have had arguments and disputes or another employee has been upset that someone else has been promoted instead of them.However, from our meeting I understood that their better employees in the past were ones who had been promoted as a pose to the ones who had been employed externally. This has always been the case when they have been first employed because they have a better understanding of the business.NEW POSTSometimes rather than a current post becoming available a new post all together may become vacant. But before the new post is confirmed it must be approved in the companies budget. This may not be the case and a supplementary budget will have to be applied for. If this is not the case then the recruitment process will be unable to go ahead. There must be available work space and enough available equipment for the new person.If all of the above are ok, then Norwich Airport decide on a realistic start date. When this is decided upon, the airport would work backwards from this date to plan each stage of recruitment. infra is a realistic time plan for Norwich Airport if they were to advertise externally. A typical time plan would be for about 3 months.21 January staring(a) staff vacancy request form and hand into human resources department.22 January write job description and interview report form, allowing time for the approval of the line manager. Pepare advert an d job particulars. HUMAN RESOURCES MUST BE NOTIFIED THAT THE RECRUITMENT PROCESS HAS BEEN STARTED2 February send the above papers to human resources.9 February if appropriate the job will be evaluated. Human resources will book space and send advert to media.16 February the advert will appear. Interview dates and panel members must be decided upon.18 February applicants respond.4 March closing date for response from potential applicants.7 March final candidates are shortlisted.8 March candidates are contacted to arrange interviews.15/16 March interviews take place.17 March the post is offered to the successful candidate.17 April after one month notice geological period the candidate would start.

Processes of Policy Making

Processes of Policy MakingCherry Amor B. DawalPolicy making processIn running a healthcare organization it is rattling primary(prenominal) to pick out a well comprehensive written policies, by way of making a form _or_ system of government it has to undergo stages and these stages formulated is very(prenominal) important in its own way to contribute for the success and profitable organization.StagesProblem recognition and agenda setting-It is the first step in constitution making process.Problem identification is the first hand information to formulate a certain form _or_ system of government to be make. These certain issues should be in link to the long term finishing or visualize of the organization which address to policy creation. Formulation of a policy must be in accordance to the problem presented. This testament support to come out a rule that can be suited to one particular situation or problem.Since the organization from the start has already a policy that alre ady exist in this situation and problem arises and identified, that existing policy must to undergo for analysis whether there is a need to re haggle and even revision of the policy. A thorough research, citation,and collection of appropriate solicited idea is very much needed to come up with a good policy that would suit for its manipulation.Ideas,opinion should be critic tout ensembley analyzed and must be fit for what is needed and would be able to solve the identified problem,.Selection and suitability of the policy is very important inorder to serve its purpose for the task, minor problem should be with minor policy and major problems identified should be fit with major policies,so there will be no overlapping of ideas and what is more important is, both ways be therefore help to what is the cause and goal of the organization.Policy formation- This stage get along after the problem has already been identified.Main problem should be specifically address.Organization of the po licy processmust con place. Every detailed situation must be given importance so it would help to make and sum up with pieces of ideas in the policy making.Formulation of accurate thoughts is very important to come up with a good product of the policy. Ideas must expressed well and a detailed situation analysis is unavoidable. Formulation must be tied up with place process,policy structure must be identified so to come up with objectives and its component. Parties that need involvement in the process must be as well identified,and all the ways and means of the resources and how it can be achieved. Ability to create thoughts and ideas and the availability are the primary criteria of the parties invloved,there should be no conflicting entertain. Strategies must be in of great consideration for the achievement of goals.Open for suggestive ideas that may contribute for the bettermen of the said formulation of the policy.Draft text of the policy should then be visible and it must be in accordance to the set objectives.It can be done in only small group of people who are earlier involved in the process. These draft document should be out then and have circulation in the different agencies of the government particularly the ministry of health, this circulation must be open for comments.after wide consultation is done,both of the public and the private sectors,there should be revision based on the comments presented, then it will be finalized.Formulation stage is a critical stage for consolidation od ideas is very important these ideas should be analyzed well, and it is in the cooperation of both the public and private sectors involvement to come up with an acceptable policy.Adoption- is a universal toleration of an idea,rules,and policies.It is in a articulate of credenza both in the private and public sector.It has to undergo a certain process before it can be acknowlege by the society. Adoption in the sense that it is for the good of all and non on those s elected group of people in the society, before an adoption may take place endorsement from government agencies and several private sectors is needed by then it can be known and introduce to the public. The endorsement should be facilitated in a formal way.In every country has its own way of policy adoption ,some may undergo for cabinet or parliament endorsement,the others remain on the administrative body that would serve to handle its implementation for the righteousnesss and regulations. Responsible for endorsement may depend on the nature of the policy whether it should cover national policy or just in one sector of the society.This stage of policy making is somewhat complicated as compare to the other stages since it involves approval and acceptance not just in one group of people but in consideration of almost all involve in the circulation and can be affected of the certain policy. This stage is being influenced by any factors that contribute since in the first phase of the a genda. In policy adoption media also foregather its role both in bias and unbiased circumstances, enhancement for the favorable reports and commentary, and undermine results for unfavorable comments and commentary. For national concern policy the President of the state has the fix authority and ability for the initiation, the congress and the parliament can also initiate but not with the same level of authority as what the president of the state has,local policies can be initiated by the governor and the mayor.Policy Implementation- it is the stage when the policy is being put into practice or applied. Implementation is the key to understand the complexness of the policy making process and its result. Implementation of policy must covered public administration aims and objectives. The process must affect for the social conditions and for the bettermen for all. In this generation policy implementation is not an easy task implementing agency on this stage of process has great influe nce, sometimes the concern is on their self interest and also to identify the effect of the policy and make any way for its improvement. For healthcare policy implementation it is the responsible government agency to implement,the task lies on them specifically it is the Ministry of Health one particular example is the Health insurance for senior citizen in the republic of the Philippines. There is a newly signed law or policy,approved by the president and it is a national agenda concern since it caters for filipino citizen age 60 years old and above that is is not needed for them to be a member of the Philippine health insurance system in order to avail benefits, but by just having their senior citizen plank appropriate healthcare services will be given to them without cost and delay. Implementation is been effecrtive already as of this moment. There should be a master plan in ilme of polici implementation since this plan may serve as a guide for the aim and the set goals and obj ectives being set for the specific policy.Without implementation we cannot identify whether the policy is effective,need revision and no viable existence of idea without implementation.Agency responsible for the implementation should be responsible for monitoring as to whether the goals is being achieved or not. It should have to cover any existing means and way inorder to bring the policy for the respective recepients.Policy monitoring and Evaluation- this is the last stage of the policy making process.Monitoring is a process being done while the policy is being implemented. This is being done inorder to improve the policy design and to identify if revision of the policy is needed,also to watch over if the policy is effective or not. Evaluation take place for the purpose of knowing the effect and the outcome of the policy after it has been implemented. Main concern also llies on the selection for the appropriate design policy in the future. It may give significance and assess the impact and extent of the policy whether it has served its purpose or not,is it the benefit of the policy is being distributed well. This process of policy making requires experts to do the task. The following should be in consideration during monitoring and military rating process. A continous feedback is necessary and must be provided to know if the goals of the policy is being achieved. At an early stage of the process potential problems should be identify to provide any possible solutions. Efficiency of the policy should be monitor,to know whether improvement of the policy is needed or not.Evaluation has to consider either using one of its type. For program evaluation a formative evaluation should be use, which address for the purpose of improvement of the policy and aid in implementation. A summative evaluation is design for the purpose in identifying if the policy achieved its goals and purpose. Best policy monitoring and evaluation mostly uses a comprehensive approach which u ses both of the techniques.Policy making process is not an easy taks for healthcare organizations.Equipped knowledge and dedication is a primary requirements in order to fulfill the task well and be able to serve its purpose.

Human Lymphocytes Exposed to Co Irradiations and I Decays

Human Lymphocytes Exposed to Co Irradiations and I DecaysChapter 1 Introduction1.1. Microdosimetry hassle statementNuclear medicine and molecular imaging uptake unsealed radionuclides for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. In targeted radiotherapy, the aim is to address tumor cells victimisation suitable radiopharmaceuticals and achieve a high battery-acid deposition inside the target structures. Macrodosimetry generally entails estimating the dose effect in organs (or dimensions of at to the lowest degree some millimeters) and is outlined in detail by the Medical Internal Dose (MIRD) Committee, the U.S. Society of Nuclear Medicine and the International Commission of Radiological protection (ICRP) 1. Microdosimetry therefore entails estimating the dose enwrapped in microscopic objects such as cells. Dose deposition in cells can originate from extracellular media, intracellular wasting disease in a single cell and from surrounding cells.As an alternative to characteristic pho ton emissions,radionuclides roting by electron capture or internal conversionmay undergo a dish known as the Auger effect. In the Auger effect, an electron from an outer shell fills the lower electron vacancy, but the energy released in the process is transferred to another orbital electron. This electron is then emitted from the atom instead of a characteristic X-ray 2. The emitted electron is called an Auger electron,with ranges in tissue typically at the micro- or nanometer level 3.Their unique property of depositing significant amounts of energy in minute volumes around the decay site opens up the possibility of victimisation them as microscopic probes to study fundamental questions regarding the interaction of radiation with cells.123I is used mainly in nuclear medicine because of its ideal -ray energy (159 keV) and relatively rook half-life (13.2 h). The decay of 123I is, however, also associated with the production of Auger electrons. These low energy particles (4.Knowled ge of the absorbed dose is required for evaluation of the observed biologic effectuate and to predict or compare the effectiveness of different radiation modalities. However, rent dose measurements in cells are impossible due to the small cellular dimensions 5. agree to the stochastic character of all of the decay processes, a large number of pathways exist by means of which a radioactive particle can decay and the excited atom can de-excite, i.e. each initial inner shell vacancy may cause a different number of Auger electrons to be emitted resulting in a more or less broad distribution of differently charged ions. Because these electron transitions and particle interactions are random processes, the Monte Carlo proficiency is an appropriate tool for the color of Auger emissions and electron spectra, as well as a feasible method to obtain correct absorbed dose determine under consideration of all irradiation aspects like geometry and activity distributions 5,6, 7. Bingham et al . found that the dose delivered to the cell nucleus is underestimated by a factor of 7.4 for 123I in cells with nuclear radius of 4 m and cell radius of 12 m when compared to conventional electron dosimetry, indicating the need of developing dosimetric calculations for electrons emission at a cellular level 8.Geant4 is an open source Monte Carlo (MC) toolkit, based on object orientated programming rules using the C++ language, which provides functions for simulating the passage of particles through bailiwick 9. The code is freely downloadable from the Geant4 web site. Detailed descriptions of the toolkit design and the physical fundamentals may be found in the Geant4 Users Guide for action Developers and the Physics Reference Manual 10, 11. Besides the fact that it is entirely open-source and freely available to all users, the main advantage of this toolkit is its receptiveness to modification and extensions. earlier Geant4 comes from high-energy physics but it also provides low- energy physics processes necessary for medical applications. Users may construct stand-alone applications or applications built upon another object-oriented framework. In either case the toolkit offers support from the initial problem definition to the production of results and graphics for publication. At the heart of Geant4 is an abundant set of physics models to handle the interactions of particles with matter crosswise a very wide energy range. Data and expertise have been drawn from many sources around the world,and in this respect Geant4 acts as a secretaire which incorporates a large part of all that is known about particle interactions12. All aspects of the simulation process have been included in the toolkit the geometry of the system, the substantives involved,the fundamental particles of interest, the contemporaries of primary feather events, the tracking of particles through materials and electromagnetic fields, the physics processes governing particle interactions, the response of sensitive sensor components, the generation of event data,the storage of events and tracks, the visualization of the detector and particle trajectories, and the capture and analysis of simulation data at different levels of detail and refinement.1.2. Objectives AimsThe level of biological effects of certain radiations is not always instantaneously proportional to the dose they impart. Since the delivered dose on a cellular level is not directly measurable using current instrumentation, scientists and physicians have developed correlations amongst the biological response and the exposed dose through experiment and theory of atomic physics. An alternative method of predicting the delivered dose in a cell is by using Monte Carlo simulations. These simulations however, have to describe the biological composition and geometries of the material as accurately as possible, as well as the interactions of different particles with the material and can therefore result in c omplex codes and extremely long computation times.In our study, the aim was to determine (through experiments and using Monte Carlo simulations) the relative biological effectiveness1 (RBE) of isolated and stimulated valet lymphocytes exposed to 60Co irradiations and 123I decays.The first phase of experiments was the exposure of 3 different types of cellsto a 60Co-teletherapy unit. The proposed cell lines were human lymphocytes, rat brain endothelial cells(bEND5, a cell with high radiosensitivity) andChinese hamster ovarian cells (CHO-K1, a cell with low radiosensitivity). The cells were exposed to graded doses of 60Co -radiation, after which they were cultured and the micronuclei formations in binucleated cells were used to tumble the effects of -radiation on the cell types.The second phase of experiments was the exposure of a known number of isolated and stimulatedhuman lymphocytes to certain activities of 123I for a discrete amount of time. The deoxythymidine analogue 5-123I-io do-2-deoxyuridine (123IUdR) was prepared and used to incorporate123I into theDNA of human lymphocytes. This was done such that the radionuclide could be transported across the cell and nuclear membrane to permit the deposition of Auger and Coster-Kronigelectrons in close proximity to cellular DNA. After exposure, the samples werecultured to express residual radiation damage. The cellular damage was quantified by numerating the micronuclei (MNi) frequency in binucleated (BN) cells.The experiments were done at iThemba LABS under the supervision and guidance of Prof. Slabbert and Philip Beukes.The experimental work followed the same approach as that of Slabbert, et al13. In the study they focused on the targeting and accumulation of 123I in human lymphocytes and CHO-K1 (a Chinese hamster ovary cell line). They found that the combined effect of intracellular and extracellular disintegrations of 123I is about 3.7 times more potent to lymphocytes compared to when the disintegration of the radionuclide is restricted to only the extracellular medium, among other results. It was concluded that this enhancement is due to the short range Auger electrons emitted by the isotope.Next, we wished to recreate the above experiments through Monte Carlo simulations and thereby determine as accurately as possible the absorbed energy and dose due to the irradiations,specifically the energy and dose deposited by Auger electrons produced during the decay of 123I. We will make use of a Monte Carlo based simulation code Geant4. The code must be mastered and used to simulate the scenarios mentioned above.We attempted to simulate the above 60Co exposures. This simulation was an investigation into the irradiation of a macroscopic volume by a radioactive source. The geometry was set up to replicate the experimental setup with regards to the source repair and type, collimation, build-up and backscatter, the Petri dish and cellular media. The individual cells were not used as detectors, onl y the effective volume in the Petri dish. The energy and the dose deposited by the 60Co source (-rays, primary and secondary electrons) was then quantified by the Monte Carlo simulation.Our main endeavor was to simulate the energy deposition from the decay of 123I within a cell using Geant4. Basically, a geometry representing a biologicalcell (with the same density, etc. as the proposed lymphocytes) was created as a detector to measure the dose, energy and particles traversing it due to a radionuclide prone to emit Auger electrons, i.e. 123I. A similar simulation was performed by Bousis, et al (2012), using their in-house Monte Carlo code 14. More advanced simulations are the calculation of DNA strand breaks due to direct and indirect effects of Auger electrons as was demonstrated by Raisali, et al (2013), which werehowever not attempted in this investigation 15, 16, 17.Furthermore, an empirical formula relating the activity(and consequently the absorbed dose) to the biological resp onse was determined. The curveswere compared to other dose-response curves from literature, thereby indicating if the simulations are a viable option for predicting accurate dose depositions. We could then calculate the RBE values from our dose-response curves and compare them to values available in literature.Finally, we aimed to determine the accuracy and feasibility of Geant4 as a simulation toolkit for medical and radiobiological purposes. To this end we considered the practicality, effort and time spent using Geant4, as well as by the comparison of RBE values and dose-response curves.Geant4 is an advanced, extensive and comprehensive simulation toolkit. Its advantage over similar packages with regards to availability, artistic and geometric freedom, physics models and materials libraries and openness to modification are undeniable. It is a very powerful simulation toolkit and can be used in a large number of areas of expertise as is shown by the examples supplied alongside the toolkit.1RBE values indicate the effectiveness of two radiation qualities to produce a certain biological response.